G Paul Mc Kinney Jr

Nicotine addiction is classified as a nicotine use disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV ñ TR, 2000). The criteria for the diagnosis of 305.1 – Nicotine Dependence – include any 3 of the following within a 1-year time span: o Tolerance to nicotine with decreased effect and increasing dose to obtain same effect o Withdrawal symptoms after cessation o Smoking more than usual o Persistent desire to smoke despite efforts to decrease intake o Extensive time spent smoking or purchasing tobacco o Postponing work, social, or recreational events in order to smoke o Continuing to smoke despite health hazards Screening for Nicotine and Drug Addiction Screening tools are available to assist counselors and therapists with diagnosing this condition – such as the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ). Two items in the FTQ that are considered the key questions are as follows: 1. Do you smoke within 5 minutes of awakening? 2. Do you smoke greater than 25 cigarettes per day? Individuals that answer ñ Yes to both questions are highly dependent on nicotine (Prochazka, 2000). Note: If after reading the above, you started rationalizing to yourself, ìWell it usually takes me 6-minutes to light-up after I get out of bed or I never smoke more than 20 ñ cigarettes per day, (As my old graduate professor use to say) STOP BULL-SH#%ting yourself and go see a therapist. Co-morbidity & Nicotine Dependence Drug addiction such as nicotine dependence and other addictions as a rule do not develop in isolation. Individuals can shift from one addiction to another or sustain multiple addictions at different times. The National Co-morbidity Survey (NCS) that sampled the entire U.S. population in 1994, found that among non-institutionalized American male and female adolescents and adults (ages 15-54), roughly 50% had a diagnosable Axis I mental disorder at some time in their lives. This surveyís results indicated that 35% of males will at some time in their lives have abused substances to the point of qualifying for a mental disorder diagnosis, and nearly 25% of women will have qualified for a serious mood disorder (mostly major depression). A significant finding of note from the NCS study was the widespread occurrence of co-morbidity among diagnosed disorders. It specifically found that 56% of the respondents with a history of at least one disorder also had two or more additional disorders. These persons with a history of three or more co-morbid disorders were estimated to be one-sixth of the U.S. population, or some 43 million people (Kessler, 1994). Psychiatric disorders are more common among tobacco users than in the general population. Among patients seeking tobacco cessation services, as many as 30% of them may have a history of depression (Anda, et al, 1990) and 20% or more may have a history of dependence (Brandon, 1994). Most descriptive studies of alcohol abusers published in the past 20 years have reported tobacco use rates of at least 90%. (Bobo, 2000). More research and information is needed on the co-morbidity of nicotine dependence and behavioral addictions such as pathological gambling, eating disorders, and sexual addictions. Poor Prognosis We have come to realize today more than any other time in history that the treatment of lifestyle diseases and addictions are often a difficult and frustrating task for all concerned. As already noted, less than 25% of smokers who try to quit succeed as long as a year (Stolerman, I.P. & Jarvis, M.J., 1995). Repeated failures abound with all of the addictions, even with utilizing the most effective treatment strategies. But why do 47% of patients treated in private treatment programs (for example) relapse within the first year following treatment (Gorski,T., 2001)? Have addiction specialists become conditioned to accept failure as the norm? There are many reasons for this poor prognosis. Some would proclaim that addictions are psychosomatically- induced and maintained in a semi-balanced force field of driving and restraining multidimensional forces. Others would say that failures are due simply to a lack of self-motivation or will power. Most would agree that lifestyle behavioral addictions are serious health risks that deserve our attention, but could it possibly be that patients with multiple addictions are being under diagnosed (with a single dependence) simply due to a lack of diagnostic tools and resources that are incapable of resolving the complexity of assessing and treating a patient with multiple addictions? www.addictioncounselingguide.com

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One of the most marvelous advancements using modern technology is the Lasik vision correction process, where in the space of fifteen minutes many folks can slash their reliance on glasses or contact lenses. There is very little preparation for the surgery on the Lasik patient’s side, and the Lasik procedure itself takes less than twenty minutes. With current technology and an excellent Lasik consultant, there’s a very high success rate for just about all Lasik surgeries. Though not all patients get or keep precisely 20 / twenty vision, there’s a huge improvement in the Lasik client’s vision and dependence on curative eye glasses. The two most crucial factors under the patient’s control is the selection of the surgeon and good post-operative care. After visiting a few consultants or hospitals that perform Lasik procedures, the client should have a superb notion of how they will be treated as a patient of that doctor. It is really important to get a Lasik physician whose staff is reactive to questions and worries, and who are willing to see a post-operative Lasik client who is having an issue with their care. This is one of the more common complaints of those folks that endure a Lasik procedure : insufficient information about post-operative Lasik complications, or a staff that simply says “Lots of people experience that, no problem,” when the patient actually should be seen by an affiliate of the staff. A visit where the prospective Lasik patient talks with both the physician and one or two members of the staff will get an idea of how well a patient is welcomed once the Lasik eye surgery is completed. During this initial investigative visit, the client should ask the Lasik staff for a catalogue of common, temporary complications that may be experienced after a Lasik process. The staff member should describe any cases where the patient should make a point of contacting the Lasik center, instead of just enduring the side-effect. Cases of agony, intense itching, or seriously vision problems may indicate an infection or other serious problem, and may be seen speedily. It is actually very rare that any of these complications exist after a Lasik procedure, but make sure that the center is content to see the patient if they think something is more than mildly wrong. One of the more common side-effects after a Lasik operation is some form of dry eye, which often occurs during the nighttime while asleep. Not only is this uncomfortable, but if the eyelid sticks even slightly to the eye itself, it may depose the surgical flap done in the Lasik process, and delay healing of the eye. If this happens, the Lasik center has one or two different viscosities, or thicknesses, of eye drops to ease that difficulty. The staff should be promptly notified so this problem can be addressed immediately. A good, responsive staff surrounding a brilliant Lasik surgeon is the most important component in the proper way to select a doctor. Interviewing the doctor and staff about every aspect of the Lasik procedure, both the procedure itself and post-operative care, is the easiest way to make an excellent choice. www.eyeslasiksurgery.com

Normal skin tends to be smooth, and supple with fair moisture and oil content, so that it is neither dry nor greasy. Normal skin tends to have an internal glow and is rarely prone to spots. A lot of care is usually not needed for normal skin, but to be on the safe side cleaning the skin two times a day with gentle cleanser and use of oily moisturizer is recommended.

Variation Between Lipo For Men And Women Thousands and thousands of men and females go through Lap Band surgery beverly hills lipo just about every year. Even though maximize bust size in is a kind of lipo, there are peculiar differences. lap band Beverly Hills

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